# Thema Regium, math rock and procedurally generated sound

No big secret, I'm a huge fan of procedural content generation. I'm also a big fan of Johann Sebastian Bach and his Musikalisches Opfer, whose fascinating story I came to know thanks to D.R. Hofstader's "Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid". On the side of it, the readers of this blog might also know I'm a huge fan of Javascript, so at this point I don't see why putting the three things together should be a bad idea.

These days I've been thinking of writing an engine that generates music from a known set of rules, the same, a bit mechanical maybe, way I did while studying musical composition: begin with a bass line melody starting from the fundamental tone, move around and about in some way, one cadence after the other, finish with the V-I cadence, then backtrack and harmonize the bass line (to err on the side of simple: in the form of a choral). I know many put their compressed scores inside their demos and generate the sound according to the score, but I still haven't found pure randomly generated music (I didn't look very hard, admittedly).

Now for a philosophical quandary. You (I) could argue that human experience and feelings are of fundamental importance in musical composition. From this assertion alone could follow that letting a machine generate music may only result in dull, soulless, mechanical sounds.

On the other hand, I firmly believe math to be a means of expressing nature in a way transcending the human experience (and, oftentimes, knowledge) itself, and there's no shortage of examples - fractals, for instance, are "nothing but" beautiful mathematical representations of beautiful natural phenomena. So I'm going to try it and we'll see what comes out.

Anyway I began prototyping a few things, got to work and, after a few minutes of tinkering, the following came out:

var ac  = new window.AudioContext(),
osc = ac.createOscillator(),
notes = {
'c': 261.6,
'c#': 277.2,
'db': 277.2,
'd': 293.7,
'd#': 311.1,
'eb': 311.1,
'e': 329.6,
'f': 349.2,
'f#': 370.0,
'gb': 370.0,
'g': 392.0,
'g#': 415.3,
'ab': 415.3,
'a': 440.0,
'a#': 466.2,
'bb': 466.2,
'b': 493.9,
'--': 1
},
toPrint = function(note) {
var out = note.charAt(0).toUpperCase();
if(out === '-') return '';
if(note.length > 1) {
if(note.charAt(1) === 'b')
out += '&#9837;';
else
out += '&#9839;';
}
return out;
},
themaRegium;

// "Thema Regium" beat by Bach feat. Frederich II of Prussia
// note octave duration note octave duration ...
themaRegium =
'c  1   2  eb 1  2   g  1  2   ab 1 2    b  0.5 2  -- 1 1  g  1 1 ' +
'f# 1   2  f  1  2   e  1  2   eb 1 3    d  1   1  db 1 1  c  1 1 ' +
'b  .5  1  a  .5 .5  g  .5 .5  c  1 1    f  1   1  eb 1 2  d  1 2 ' +
'c 1 4';
themaRegium = themaRegium.split(/\s+/g);

var nextNote = function() {
if(themaRegium.length < 1) {
document.body.innerHTML += '!';
return osc.stop();
}

var note = themaRegium.shift(),
oct  = parseFloat(themaRegium.shift()),
dur  = parseFloat(themaRegium.shift()) * 250;
console.log(note, dur);

osc.frequency.value = notes[note] * oct;
setTimeout(nextNote, dur);
document.body.innerHTML += ' ' + toPrint(note);
}

osc.connect(ac.destination);
osc.type = 'triangle';
osc.start(0);
nextNote();


Basically it's a crude regular language in which all $i % 3$th tokens represent a note, all $i % 3 + 1$th tokens represent the octave (expressed in a power of 2: e.g. lower octave is $\frac{1}{2}$, upper octave is $2$, next one is $4$ und so weiter) and all $i % 3 + 2$ tokens represent the duration. The nextNote function is a finite state automaton that picks three values, translates it to a frequency, plugs it in the oscillator, then waits for dur * 250 ms and moves on.

You can read the full code here and listen to it in action here.

I'd love to hear from you; what's your stance in the "man vs machine in music" discourse?